International Taxation Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Taxation - Research Proposal ExampleAnti- scheme legislation Tax scheme bathroom be defined as the lawful measures that a firm whitethorn take in order to reduce their liability to payment of tax. It should be noted that tax avoidance is not illicit but its effect on the economy may be dire. The question of avoidance of tax has been of peachy contention considering the detail that the firms have a responsibility of being diligent in their dealings with the state. In order to mitigate the negative impacts of tax avoidance, presidencys have been at the forefront of enacting anti-avoidance legislation that is aimed at seal the loopholes that allow for tax avoidance. One of the strategies that governments have used is the adoption of the general anti-avoidance rule. The logic of this strategy is the fact that legislation has limits on the extent to which it may foresee all arrangements of taxpayers2. in that locationfore, a general anti-avoidance rule may operate w ithin existing laws or provide a caveat against general tax avoidance issues. In the United Kingdom, governments have implemented anti-avoidance are targeted to deal with specific villainys of tax law. This is consistent with the legitimate view that legislation should be specific and outline the specific circumstances under which liability arises. There are scenarios whereby the anti-avoidance laws are applied retrospectively in order to comprehensively account for previous abuse of the law. However, the United Kingdom courts require concrete proof of avoidance before a conviction can be upheld. In Partington v The Attorney General3, the courts ruled that for the government to recover tax the prosecution must(prenominal) bring the subject to the letter of the law. It is not sufficient to have a case that is just plump for by the spirit of the law. In the context of Canadian law, the courts lay emphasis on the substance of the heavy arrangements in a given transaction rather th an the economic outcome of the transactions. The interpretation of the Income Act 1976 is actual and the burden of proof of avoidance is upon the prosecution. The Revenue Canada department gave guidelines that expressly allowed the taxpayers to be subjected to minimum pay. However, cases of crafty tax planning grew exponentially leading to a major decline in the amount of revenue that the government collected. This led to the enactment of general anti-avoidance legislation that reinforced anti-avoidance provisions in the Income Tax Act 1976 and the Goods and serve Act 19873. The essence of the rule was to distinguish from between abusive and legitimate tax avoidance measures. Australia has had a longstanding general anti-avoidance rule over the years.

The Law of Trusts Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Law of Trusts - Case Study slipIn 2004 Brian entered into a covenant below a trust deed with his children Pat and Richard. Pat and Richard layab come out march against Brian at law for remediation to compensate Pat and Richard for their loss of expectation if Brian does not work out his promise. In Cannon v Harley1 a father promised his daughter by deed that he would leave her any sum exceeding 1,000 which he received under his own fathers will. When he failed to do so, she successfully sued him at law for the amount she would have obtained had his promise been performed. It is important to note, however, that the same promise was not enforceable in equity. Equity will enforce promises made for consideration, but not ones whose only claim to enforcement is that they ar contained in a deed. None of the property referred to in the 2004 covenant has been transferred to Pat and Richard. Brian appointed Tony and Nathan as his executors and trustees under his will. Now the que stion arises who can enforce the covenant. If the Contract (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 were to apply to covenants (which is doubtful) then presume the requirements of the Act were satisfied, Pat and Richard would be able to enforce the covenant at law and obtain damages for lost expectation. It can be argued that they hold the benefit of the right to sue on the covenant on trust for Pat and Richard. If this argument, the trust of the covenant argument, can be made out, then Pat and Richard can compel Tony and Nathan to sue Brain. The assumption is that Tony and Nathan would recover substantial damages, which they would then hold on trust for Pat and Richard. There ar trine difficulties, which stand in the way of this argument succeeding. To be a valid trust, it is necessary three certainties, formalities, and perfect constitution. A trust will be perfectly constituted where the rights, which are to form the overmatch matter of the trust, are vested in the intended trustee . The principle laid down in the case Milroy v Lord2, Lord Turner LJ explained three ways of benefiting third parties. The easiest way to benefit the third party is by an outright gift. If the Beneficiary is minor and a gift is a real property then it is not possible. In this situation, he needs to create a trust or declare himself as a trustee. The transfer to the trustees must accord with the rules applicable to the property concerned. Legal estates in land must transfer of training by deed, equitable interest, and copyright by writing (which may include an electronic document), chattels by deed of gift or by an intention to give coupled with a delivery of possessions, a handbill of exchange by endorsement, and shares by the appropriate form of transfer followed by registration. The traditional approach withal adopted in subsequent cases like Re Fry3, required all stage should be completed. However, if the settlor wants to twist a trustee himself he must declare it in clear an d unequivocal terms, which carry out mans intention.

Why are the events surrounding the South Sea Company often described Essay

Why are the events surrounding the mho sea Company often described as a financial bubble Identify at least one other famous bubble and discuss what feat - Essay ExampleWith desires to get well-situated quickly, ambitious investors hurriedly and haphazardly invested on stocks of a equationticular participation without first assessing its real situation. The turn up is the vital drop not only of a single firm but also of the consummate national economy.This is the predicament that the South Sea Company in England in the 18th century experienced. Considered as one of the worst financial disasters in a capitalistic society, the South Sea Bubble is a proof that avarice can lead a single person, firm or even an stallion nations economy to collapse.In those days, the British Empire reigned over the entire world. It was a succession of affluence and prosperity for British people enabling them to invest. The exuberance of investors to gain more out of the associations monopoly of the South Seas compelled the company issued more stocks that were also sold out by greedy investors. The plushy and generously enamored company office ostentatiously displayed the opulence and success of Britain on its industrial revolution. With the idea spread by speculators that this company could never fail, its share price skyrocketed tenfold from its original value, making its investors risque overnight. It was at this point that the reality set in, bursting the bubble of the companys overpriced share prices.South Sea Companys heyday ended when its management realised that they failed to manage and operate the company properly. They realized that the company was not generating profit at all. The funds came basically from selling stocks and not from factual commerce. News that the company was actually profitless instigated panic stocks selling. Useless stocks were sold frantically leading to a stock market crash. Many British people lost their fortune because of this. From 950 pounds per 100 pound par value it slid down to 290 pounds in less than 4 months.The invention of the personal computer

Strategic Analysis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

strategical Analysis - Research Paper ExampleHigher growth is positively related to rise in production by the companys factory (Bloom and Perry, 379-396). Changes in the market interest rate withal affect Wal-Marts earning per shargon. Earnings of Wal-Mart also experienced a fall due to the prevailing notes exchange rates. Wal-Mart is always affected by a strong dollar. The company also can importantly explain deflation. The products at Wal-mart are generally priced very low. The sellers experience a cost cutting scenario. So to reach the targeted price level, Wal-Mart influences the price mechanism which leads to deflationary pressures in the economy (Basker, 203-229).Wal-Mart is the largest retailer and thus its descent operations are certainly influenced by various global forces. Global outsourcing has a huge squeeze on Wal-Marts Business. The purchasing power of the United States is greatly influenced by this retailer. Factors of production prevailing in the global markets a lso indirectly affect Wal-Mart. Production reformation all over the world has hale the global retaining giant to modify its own production structures (Basker, 203-229).Technological forces are vital for Wal-Marts success. Consumers pick out transacting via the internet and thus the retail market, particularly Wal-Mart, has seen a rise in its sales with the rise in the use of internet by consumers. Wal-Mart has always adopted innovative strategies of marketing through advertisement on their own website and different social media. The technological factors ensure that the targeted customers are identified easily. Wal-Mart has designed various policies and schemes with the ease of the advanced technology to reach its customers (Singh, Hansen, and Blattberg, 457-476).Wal-Marts profitability is affected by demographic factors. The structure of creation greatly influences business operations of Wal-Mart. The stores of Wal-Mart are set strategically to cater to all kinds of customers k ey customers are

Pompeii Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Pompeii - Essay ExampleThe Greeks defeated the Etruscans in twain 524 and 474 BCE and probably proceeded to take control of Pompeii (qtd. from Pompeii before the papists involvement, 2005).As evidence, the hill near the mouth of the Sarno River or Sarnus River was used as a safe port by Greek and Phoenician sailors (Wikipedia, 2005). This theory is supported by the architecture and art in Pompeii that was influenced by the Greeks, such as the temple to Apollo mentioned earlier. Around 420 BCE the Samnites came to occupy the city of Pompeii (Leppman, 1968). The Samnites depend to have imposed their language, customs, and civic organizations upon Pompeii (qtd. from Pompeii before the papisticals involvement, 2005).capital of Italy entered onto the Pompeiian scene following the end of the Second Samnite contend (290 BCE). The papistics landed their fleet at the mouth of the Sarno and sacked neighboring Salerno (Leppman, 1968). For almost two hundred years, however, the Roman rule of Pompeii was more a matter of form than substance (Leppman, 1968). Pompeii was under Romes control, however, its inhabitants were practically independent (qtd. from Roman involvement in Pompeii, 2005). Although Pompeii was practically independent, its future was tangled with that of Rome. The Roman success in war all over Carthage in the Second Punic War (218-201) and Romes victorious marches into Greece, Asia Minor, and Syria paved the way for an abundant economic enterprise for the Pompeiians (qtd. from Roman involvement in Pompeii, 2005). A colony of Roman veterans was planted in Rome as a punishment for Pompeiis role in the Social War (Carrington, 1994). Scholars have pointed out, however, that the Pompeiians ended up profiting in the whole ordeal, since Pompeii was quick to take advantage of the Roman destruction of neighboring Stabiae. This conflict did, however, moolah the end of Pompeiis virtual independence, as Rome became much more active in Pompeii. This shift in po wer is borne out by the fact that ten years after the Social War, Rome renamed Pompeii Colonia Cornelia Venena Pompeianorum (qtd. from Roman involvement in Pompeii, 2005). Physical description The city of Pompeii has an irregular shape because it was formed by a prehistoric lava flow. Excavations indicate that the southwestern part of the town is the oldest, but scholars do not agree on the stages by which the walls were expanded or on who the builders were. The walls are 2 miles (3 km) in circumference, and they enclose an area of near 163 acres (66 hectares). Seven city gates have been excavated (Description of the remains, 2005).

Appropriate Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Appropriate publicizing - Essay ExampleThey will expose, shape, and try to mold the minds of children into tomorrows consumers. Advertising, like television receiver programming, should be screened for large(p) content, adult products, and relegated to an appropriate time slot.Childrens exposure to a wide variety of products and influences is lay outed by society. Social norms limit drinking age, access to tobacco, and entry into the military. in that location should also be strict laws on the media content that enters and influences the minds of children. There is little doubt that when Miller Brewery advertises on Saturday afternoon they be not just selling beer. They are also grooming future customers. Advertisers know that children are watching and paying close attention. According to selling researchers Maher, Hu, and Kolbe (2006), children as young as 6 years old are able to recall television advertisements with a 90% accuracy rate after seeing a commercial (p 31). At t his partial(p) and impressionable age, advertising can substantially influence a childs future willingness to drink or imbibe in other social deviance.Not only are children force-fed a propensity for unhealthy products, they are also socialized with an unrealistic view of materialism. Intent is as important as content in an advertisement viewed by children.